Frequency of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Using Spot Urine ACR and Its Associated Risk Factors

Asad Ullah; Sayed Ali Zeeshan Kausar; Muhammad Ayaz; Muhammad Shabbir Khan; Sami Ullah; Rida Fatima Saeed

doi:10.37185/LnS.1.1.805

Asad Ullah Muhammad College of Medicine & Muhammad Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan
Sayed Ali Zeeshan Kausar National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Muhammad Ayaz Muhammad College of Medicine & Muhammad Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan
Muhammad Shabbir Khan Northwest School of Medicine Peshawar, Pakistan
Sami Ullah Nowshera Medical College & QHAMC Nowshera, Pakistan
Rida Fatima Saeed National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi, Pakistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.805

Keywords: Albuminuria, ESRD, Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Nephropathy, Protienuria.

Abstract

Objective: To determine the frequency of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients using spot urine ACR
ratio and identify its associated risk factors.
Study Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out at the Department of Medicine, Muhammad
Teaching Hospital (MTH) Peshawar, Pakistan from February 01, 2023, to July 31, 2023.
Methods: A total of 150 patients having type 2 diabetes mellitus were investigated. The sample size was
calculated with a WHO sample size calculator using a reference study with a 10.8% prevalence of diabetic
nephropathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus; confidence interval = 95% and the margin of error was 5%.
Results: With an SD ± 5.146, the mean age was 49 years old. There were 87 (58%) females and 63 (42%) males
present. Out of 150 individuals, the spot urine ACR was analyzed. Of these, 47 (31%) had microalbuminuria (less
than 300 mg/m) while, 28 patients (19%) had macroalbuminuria (more than 300 mg/m), whereas end-stage
renal disease was found in 6 (4%) with GFR < 30 ml/m -1.73 m2. A study was conducted on 150 individuals to
determine the status of diabetic nephropathy. Of these, 81 (54%) had diabetic nephropathy and 69 (46%) did
not.
Conclusion: Using the spot urine ACR ratio, our study suggests that 46% of type-2 diabetic patients had diabetic
nephropathy. The incidence was 24% in people with diabetes for 5–10 years and 26% in patients with diabetes
for 11–15 years. Patients with diabetes for 16 to 20 years had a 50% incidence. In conclusion, those with
diabetes for a longer period are at a much greater risk of diabetic nephropathy.

How to cite this: Ullah A, Kausar SAZ, Ayaz M, Khan MS, Ullah S, Saeed RF. Frequency of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Using Spot Urine ACR and Its Associated Risk Factors. Life and Science. 2024; 5(4): 459-464. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.805