Life and Science

Nanoantibiotics: A Tool Against Antimicrobial Resistance

Wasim Alamgir, Adnan Haider — Fri, 03 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), is one of the biggest emerging threats to human health and healthcare
systems. Experts are suggesting that the post-antibiotic era, in which microbial infections and minor injuries
will again become fatal, is near. A report published by the Antibiotics Resistance Collaborators, in the Lancet,
reported that 1.27 million people died due to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections in 2019.¹ Deaths could
reach 10 million by 2050 if the problem is not addressed. Antimicrobial resistance arises as a natural adaptation
of microorganisms to environmental challenges. One typical self-defense mechanism is by producing enzymes
that inactivate antimicrobial agents. Bacteria can also become resistant to β-lactams by producing β-lactamase,
and by altering binding sites for antimicrobials agents (resistance to glycopeptide antibiotic agents), expressing
multidrug efflux pumps such as tigecycline resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii, and limiting cell
permeability for antibiotics such as Acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa.^2,3
th In the early 20 century, infectious diseases were the major cause of death. The advent of antibiotics led to a
significant decrease in mortality.⁴ However, antibiotics resistance has now reached a threshold that is
invalidating commonly used antibiotic agents. Currently the attempts to manage microbial resistance to
antibiotics include the development of novel antimicrobial agents. However, there is no guarantee that the
introduced new antimicrobial agents would be able to cope with the microbial resistance effectively and
efficiently.⁵

Apart from developing new antibiotics, the chemical modification of existing antimicrobial agents is emerging as an upcoming strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.^4-6 Research on the effect of antibiotic associated
nanoparticles on bacterial function is being conducted with the hope that advances in nanotechnology will lead
to strategies for reconfiguration of presently available antibiotic molecules.
Several nanomaterials have been identified as alternates for combating antimicrobial resistant strains. Each
metallic and ceramic nanomaterials and more specifically their nanoparticles have their own peculiar
antimicrobial properties. Studies have reported that these nanoparticles can be surface-functionalized with
antimicrobial agents or molecules to further enhance their antimicrobial efficacy.⁶ Engineering antibiotics into
nanoscale or functionalizing nanoparticles with antibiotic agents allows them to penetrate microbial cells and
reach their target sites with precision and accuracy. Studies have shown that in contrast to free antibiotics,
tailored functionalized nanoparticles and small antibiotic molecules have improved binding affinities and
target specificity.⁶ Currently, these nanotechnology-based solutions have reported some problems like
cytotoxicity, targeted selectivity, and bulk production. However, with concrete planning and a cohesive
approach from academia, industry, and government, the development of nanoantibiotics drugs of unique
shapes and sizes, high surface areas, ability to carry antibiotic drugs to target sites, and protein disruption will
help overcome antimicrobial resistance.

Editor-in-Chief

How to cite this: Alamgir W, Adnan H. Nanoantibiotics: A Tool Against Antimicrobial Resistance. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 130-131. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.657

The Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Fri, 03 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To evaluate the role of acute exacerbation of COPD in the risk of atrial fibrillation.
Study Design: Cross sectional study design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Bakhtawar Amin Hospital Multan and Recep Tayyip
Erdogan Hospital Muzaffargarh, Pakistan from March 2022 to March 2023.
Methods: The patients with acute, hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) exacerbation
were included in the study. A total of 200 patients were analyzed. Baseline data including demographic and
clinical details, blood tests, ABG, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ECG, pulmonary function test, and
transthoracic echocardiography were recorded.
Results: Of 200 patients, 40(20%) had an episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Atrial fibrillation was
more prevalent in cases with lower FEV1 (P<.05). In addition, it was also more common in cases with higher
PaCO2 (P<.05). Atrial Fibrillation was significantly higher in cases with larger LA diameters (34.1 ± 2.3 mm vs
46.1 ± 2.3 mm, P<.05), area (22.8 ± 4.1 cm2 vs 34.1 ± 5.1 cm2, P<.05) and higher PASP (36.1 mmHg ± 2.2 vs 46.4
mmHg ± 3.7, P<.05). RA area was larger in patients with AF and COPD compared to those without AF (25.6 ±
5.1cm2 vs 30.2 ± 6.4 cm2, P<0.05). These findings suggest COPD patients are at increased risk of AF and require
measures to reduce the risk. These data will be helpful for further investigation and development of strategies
to prevent AF morbidities in COPD patients.
Conclusion: In patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, blood gas
fluctuations, hemodynamic alterations, and abnormal pulmonary functions can lead to an increased risk of
atrial fibrillation.

How to cite this: Razzaq MA, Atif M, Ullah U, Mehmood M, Irfan M, Sardar K. The Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 132-137. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.487

Quantifying Renal Changes: A Study of Area of Bowman's Space Following Prolonged Itopride Hydrochloride Exposure in Albino Rats

Aasma Hashmi, Hamd Syed, Ayesha Irfan; Ali Rabbani, Amaidah Mir — Fri, 03 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To see the effects of long-term administration of itopride hydrochloride on the histomorphology of
kidney of the male Wistar albino rats.
Study Design: A Laboratory based experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, CMH Multan Institute of Medical Sciences Multan, Pakistan from September 2020 to March 2022.
Methods: The study involved two groups: Group A served as the control, and Group B functioned as the
experimental group. Each group consisted of 30 adult male albino rats. The animals of group A were
administered 2ml/100g of distilled water by oral gavage along with a diet for laboratory rodents daily for 15
days. The animals of group B were given 4.4mg/kg of itopride hydrochloride dissolved in 2ml/100g body weight
of distilled water by oral gavage three times a day for 15 days. The kidney was processed for paraffin embedding and stained with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). The area of Bowman's space was measured by linear micrometer after calibration with a stage micrometer and image J software. The student's t-test was utilized to assess potential differences between the two groups, with significance set at a p-value of ≤ 0.05.
Result: The area of Bowman's space was significantly increased in the experimental group as compared to the
control group (p= 0.045).
Conclusion: Long-term Itopride Hydrochloride administration appears to influence the area of Bowman's
Space in Wistar albino rats.

How to cite this: Hashmi A, Syed H, Irfan A, Rabbani A, Mir A, Razzaq M. Quantifying Renal Changes: A Study of Area of Bowman's Space Following Prolonged Itopride Hydrochloride Exposure in Albino Rats. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 138-143. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.539

Relationship of Biochemical Parameters and Echocardiogram Findings with Appetite in Patients having Reduced Ejection Fraction Heart Failure

Bilal Saeed, Abdul Rehman Arshad, Mehmood Hussain — Fri, 03 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To determine the relationship of biochemical parameters and echocardiogram findings with
appetite and nutritional status in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Combined Military
Hospital (CMH), Peshawar, Pakistan, from February 2022 to August 2022.
Methods: The study was conducted on adult patients with heart failure for at least three months. Indoor
patients, those with hospitalization within the last four weeks, and unwilling patients were excluded. The
Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire and Mini Nutritional Assessment questionnaire were
administered in direct face-to-face interviews. A transthoracic echocardiogram was done to document the left
ventricular ejection fraction. Different hematological and biochemical parameters were also analyzed.
Results: There were 76 patients aged 55.92± 15.22 years. Mean mini nutritional assessment and Council on
Nutrition appetite questionnaire scores were 17.89± 5.23 and 20.74± 8.19, respectively. Based on mini
nutritional assessment scores, 36 were malnourished, 27 were at risk of malnutrition, and 13 had normal
nutritional status. Using Council on Nutrition appetite questionnaire scores, 57 were at risk of malnutrition,
while 19 had no risk. Left ventricular ejection fraction and hemoglobin were lower in malnourished patients.
However, there were no differences in other biochemical parameters amongst patients with good or poor
nutritional status.
Conclusion: Patients with heart failure had poor appetite and nutritional status proportionate to the degree of
left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

How to cite this: Saeed B, Arshad AR, Hussain M. Relationship of Biochemical Parameters and Echocardiogram Findings with Appetite and Nutritional Status in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 144-150. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.359

Comparison of Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin and Co-Trimoxazole in Escherichia Coli Urinary Tract Infection

Fri, 03 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole in urinary tract infection due to
Escherichia Coli.
Study Design: A cross- sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Muhammad Teaching
Hospital (MTH), Peshawar, Pakistan from 1 July 2022 to 31 December 2022.
Methods: Patients were randomly and consecutively assigned to either group by using lottery method (double
blind). A total of 194 patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection due to E coli were randomly divided into
two groups, 97 patients in each group, using 54% efficacy of ciprofloxacin, 74% efficacy of Co-Trimoxazole, 95%
confidence level, and 90% power of test, using WHO software. “Group-A' for Ciprofloxacin 500mg BD and
th 'Group-B' for Co-Trimoxazole 960mg BD. All the recruited patients were followed up after the 48 hour of their
treatment and results were recorded. The chi-Square test was applied to compare the efficacy results of both
drugs where a PValue < 0.05 was considered as significant value.
Results: The mean age of group A participants were 48.4 + 11.1 years, whereas, in group B it was 48.2 + 11.5
years. There were 69.1% males and 30.9% females in group A compared to 80.4% males and 19.6% females in
group B. After the 48 hour of end treatment, efficacy was 79.3% and 50.5%, in groups A and B respectively (p-value = 0.000).
Conclusion: As compared to Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin is more effective in treating E. coli-caused urinary
tract infections.

How to cite this: Ayaz M, Kausar SAZ, Alamgir M, Muhammad S, Khan FM, Ullah S. Comparison of Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin and CoTrimoxazole in Escherichia Coli Urinary Tract Infection. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 151-159. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.595

Examining the Impact of Social Media Overload on the Academic Performance of Public Medical College Students of Lahore

Muhammad Ali Ather, Rehma Shanze Alam, Sumaira Qambar Bokhari, Aysha Butt — Fri, 03 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: This study's objectives were two-fold. First, it examined the direct relationship between social media
overload and academic performance. Second, it analyzed the mediating role of anxiety between social media
overload and the academic performance of medical students.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Medical Education of Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Ameer-ud-Din (PGMI) Medical College, Lahore, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore and Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical and Dental College Lahore, Pakistan from June 2021 to January 2022.
Methods: Data from 259 medical students were collected using a convenience sampling technique through
self-administered questionnaires. The study included medical students from the second to final year of MBBS.
Results: Hayes PROCESS Macro analysis in SPSS showed that social media overload and academic performance
were related to one another (β=-0.198, p<0.05) which had significance in statistics. Moreover, mediation
analysis revealed a statistically significant and partial mediating role of anxiety between social media overload
and academic performance (Indirect Effect = -.0734, p<0.05).
Conclusion: Findings revealed that social media overload directly influenced the academic performance of
medical students. Additionally, anxiety as a mediator negatively impacted the relationship between social
media overload and academic performance.

How to cite this: Ather MA, Alam RS, Bokhari SQ, Butt A. Examining the Impact of Social Media Overload on the Academic Performance of Medical Students. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 160-165. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.446

The Association of Dyslipidemias with Cholelithiasis: A Case-Control Study Conducted at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To find the association of lipid profile with early sign of cholecystitis (gall stones formation).

Study Design: Case control study.

Place and Duration of Study

Methodology: The study recruited cholecystitis patients from 1^st April 2022 to 30^th September 2022 at Pathology Department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Those patients having an age above 40 years and clinically diagnosed with gall bladder stone, went under ultrasonography examination, were included in the study. A total of 100 cases were compared with 100 controls in a case control study design. The lipid profile included serum concentrations of HDL cholesterol, Total Cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol levels. Other tests as fasting blood glucose (FBG), total bilirubin (T-bil), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine (Cr), uric acid (UA), and urea nitrogen (UN) were also conducted.

Results: The mean age of the gall stone patients and of normal controls was 51.71±13.48 and 42.00±13.14 years respectively. There was no variance in the BMI of both groups. The incidence of kidney stones was higher in the cases than controls while hypertension was more commonly reported in the 36% of the cases in comparison to the 19% of the controls. The logistic regression analysis presented a data where significant difference within lipid profile values of cases and controls could be seen having high values reported in cases than controls. The multivariant analysis of the lipid profile analyzed values presented a significant variance in the odds ration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and triglycerides of cases and controls.

Conclusion: Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides are associated with the risk of gall bladder formation.

Pattern of Fast Food and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption among Students of Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To assess fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption patterns among medical students
along with associated factors and to determine the association between intake of these items and body mass
index.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Community Medicine, Lahore
Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan from May 2023 to September 2023.
Methods: A convenience sampling technique was used to recruit 146 MBBS students. Using a structured
questionnaire, information was obtained on the background of participants, fast food and sugar-sweetened
beverages consumption, and their body mass index. Chi-square test was applied to find an association between
variables with p ≤ 0.05 taken as significant.
Results: The study included 60% females and 52% boarders. Mothers of 6% of students and fathers of 12% of
students were doctors. The mean body mass index was 22.43±3.51. Frequent consumption of fast food was
36% and of sugar-sweetened beverages was 12%. The most frequently consumed items were salty snacks (77%)
and regular soda (67%). A significant relationship was found between fast food consumption with residence,
the mother's profession, and awareness about nutritional information. Consumption of sugar-sweetened
beverages was significantly related to gender and knowledge about the harmful effects of these beverages. The
body mass index of students significantly increased with an increase in the use of sugar-sweetened beverages
and was inversely associated with fast food consumption.
Conclusion: Consumption of fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages was high among study participants.
Salty snacks and soda drinks were frequently consumed items. There is an immediate need for national policies
and strategies to create a healthy dietary environment among students.

How to cite this: Maqbool S, Daud S, Saad KAD, Ahmad MS, Idress B, Ejaz K. Pattern of Fast Food and Sugar Sweetened Beverages Consumption Among Students of Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 172-180. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.621

Comparison of Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate Plus Oral Allopurinol with Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate Alone for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis- A Prospective Study

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the combination of oral allopurinol plus intralesional meglumine for the
treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.
Study Design: A prospective study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Dermatology, Combined Military
Hospital, Multan, Pakistan from 18th September 2021 to 18th March 2022.
Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 60 patients (30 in each group) who fulfilled the inclusion
criteria. Patients in group A were given oral allopurinol (15mg/kg/day) and intralesional meglumine
antimoniate (2-5 ml). Patients in group B were given intralesional meglumine antimoniate (2-5 ml). All patients
were given 2 injections each week and were followed up for 8 weeks. The efficacy of the treatment was noted by
the disappearance of induration of the lesion and complete reepithelization of the ulcer. Healing was
characterized by scar formation and was recorded.
Results: Results showed that the cure rate in Group B was 16.6% (5), while in Group A it was 56.6% (17) (P<0.03).
There was no significant difference in efficacy between both groups when stratified based on age, number of
lesions per patient, and lesion location. However, the cure rate of ulcers and papules was significantly higher in
group A compared to group B.
Conclusion: It was concluded that the combination of intralesional meglumine antimoniate and oral allopurinol
has higher efficacy than intralesional meglumine antimoniate alone in the treatment of patients with
cutaneous leishmaniasis.

How to cite this: Qayyum N, Gul P, Zainab A, Jawaid M, Azam M, Sattar S. Comparison of Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate Plus Oral Allopurinol with Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate Alone for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis- A Prospective Study. 2024; 5(2): 181-186. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.511

Impact of Short-Term Arsenic Exposure on Hormonal Balance and Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rats

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To evaluate the toxic effects of arsenic exposure on the female reproductive tract and endocrine
system.
Study Design: A laboratory-based experiment.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of the National Institute of Health
(NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan from 1^st January 2019 to 4^th January 2020.
Methods: non-probability convenient sampling technique was employed and 60 female healthy Sprague
Dawley rats were included in the study at the National Institute Islamabad. Animals were randomly allocated
into control and experimental groups (n=30 each). In the first week, animals were acclimatized to the animal
house of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. In the second week, the control and experimental
groups were given 10 ml of distilled water by oral gavage daily and 4μg of sodium arsenite dissolved in 10 ml of
distilled water daily for two weeks respectively. After the experimental period, animals were taken to the
animal lab of the National Institute of Health Islamabad for blood sampling and tissue dissection. Rats were
euthanized by chloroform inhalation and blood was drawn by single intracardiac puncture and stored in clot
activator vials at 4 0C for further workup. The female reproductive tract was dissected, and the tissue was stored in 10 % formalin for histological studies. Serum Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels were assessed via the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Whereas histological effects of arsenic were observed under a microscope by tissue processing and staining with Masson trichrome stain. Mean ± SD of serum GnRH levels and percentage of fibrosis in uterine tissue of control and experimental groups were
evaluated by the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. Comparison of means evaluated
by Student T-test. The significant p-value was ≤ 0.05.
Results: The experimental group showed significant elevation of serum GnRH levels and fibrotic changes with
high collagen deposition (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: Exposure to arsenic via contaminated drinking water is disruptive for the female reproductive tract
and endocrine system.

How to cite this: Mir A, Mir UZ, Hussain W, Irfan A, Butt HA, Sarwar U. Impact of Short-Term Arsenic Exposure on Hormonal Balance and Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rats. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 187-192. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.64

Reliability of Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis by Clinical Assessment Through Modified ALVARADO Vs RIPASA Scoring System at Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi

Rohan Qamar, Khalid Mahmood, Romassa Javed, Faheem Sher, Ibrahim Tufail — Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of RIPASA (Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis) and
Modified ALVARADO score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis by using histopathology as a gold standard.
Study Design: A comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Surgery, Combined Military
Hospital (CMH) Rawalpindi, Pakistan from January 2020 to August 2020.
Methods: A total of 126 patients suspected of having acute appendicitis were included. All patients who had
met the inclusion criteria were chosen via the process of consecutive sampling. Patients who had presented
with right iliac fossa pain, migration of pain, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting and were admitted to the hospital
were assessed prospectively using RIPASA and Modified ALVARADO scores. RIPASA (Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak
Saleha Appendicitis) score > 7.5 and Modified ALVARADO score > 7 were used to diagnose acute appendicitis.
The diagnosis was confirmed postoperatively using a histopathological report. Every scoring system was
assessed for validity by calculating sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, negative predictive value, and
positive predictive value.
Result: The results obtained from individuals recruited in the study showthat out of 126 patients, 70(55.6%)
were male and 56(44.4%) were female. The mean age was 33.25±8.19 years. 83.3% of patients having RIPASA
(Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis) score (≥7.5) and 68.3% of patients having Modified ALVARADO
score (≥7) have met the criteria for acute appendicitis. The sensitivity and specificity of the RIPASA (Raja Isteri
Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis) score were 90.9% and 73.3% compared with 73.8% and 73.3% of the
Modified Alvarado score.
Conclusion: The RIPASA (Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis) scoring system is a more convenient,
accurate, and specific scoring system for our population than the Modified ALVARADO scoring system.

How to cite this: Qamar R, Mahmood K, Javed R, Sher F, Tufail I.Reliability of Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis by Clinical Assessment Through Modified Alvarado Vs Ripasa Scoring System. Life and Science.2024; 5(2): 193-198. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.346

Novel Role of Irbesartan in Elevating Serum High Density Lipoprotein in Hypercholesterolemic Animal Model

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To explore the HDL cholesterol-raising capacity of Irbesartan (an antihypertensive drug) in rabbit's
serum.
Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Animal House of the National Institute of Health
(NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan from January 2023 to November 2023.
Methods: This study was conducted on 18 rabbits divided into three groups with six rabbits in each. Leaving one group as a normal control, two out of three groups were made hypercholesterolemic by a high-cholesterol diet. Irbesartan was given to one of the hypercholesteremic groups for 30 days. Blood samples were taken for serum analysis of HDL cholesterol.
Results: Results of blood serum levels of all three groups were compared and analyzed on three different
occasions i.e., on day zero, day 120, and day 150 for HDL cholesterol. Their means were calculated using SPSS
Version 20. The irbesartan-treated group showed obvious elevation in serum HDL cholesterol in comparison
with the hypercholesteremic control group.
Conclusion: It is concluded that Irbesartan, an antihypertensive drug has an additional role of elevating serum
high-density lipoproteins and can provide the supplementary benefit of improving the lipid profile in
hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia.

How to cite this: Shakir S, Chaudhry ZR, Atif M, Sadaf R, Chaudhry ER, Chaudhry SR. Novel Role of Irbesartan in Elevating Serum High Density Lipoprotein in Hypercholesterolemic Animal Model. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 199-203. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.536

Prevention of Uterine Inversion by Using Ultrasonographic Confirmation During Placental Delivery in Dr. Ruth K.M Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To determine the prevention of uterine inversion by using ultrasonographic confirmation during
placental delivery.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Gynecology Unit II, Dr. Ruth K.M
Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan from June 2022 to June 2023.
Methods: In this research, the total of 180 patients were included with transvaginal deliveries. To prevent
uterine inversion during placental delivery, regular ultrasonographic was implemented. The placental delivery
was performed with ultrasonographic confirmed placental detachment. The frequency of uterine inversion
during placental delivery was compared before and after the introduction of ultrasonographic images. In
addition, a comparison was made between the ultrasonographic group and the non-ultrasonographic group
regarding the amount of blood loss during transvaginal delivery and the length of the third stage of labor. The
Descriptive statistics were applied to all parameters Using SPSS Version 26.
Results: A total of 180 patients who had transvaginal deliveries, mean age 29 ± 9 years. One hundred and eighty women had transvaginal deliveries before and after the introduction of ultrasonography. Following the
ultrasonographic confirmation, there was a significant decrease in the frequency of uterine inversion when
compared to the pre-introduction period (43.3% vs. 56.7%, p = 0.001). Due to a number of limitations, the
actual rate of ultrasonography performed even after it was introduced ultrasonography was 46.1%.
Conclusion: In our investigation, we concluded that with the help of ultrasonographic confirmation of placental
detachment uterine inversion may be prevented.

How to cite this: Abbasi TS, Kubra K, Zarrar T, Tasneem M, Gul P. Prevention of Uterine Inversion by Using Ultrasonographic Confirmation During Placental Delivery in Dr. Ruth K.M Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 204-209. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.563

Prevalence of Obesity with its Associated Modifiable Risk Factors among Adolescents of Aged 17-24 Years: Cross-Sectional Study

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: This study aims to point out the association of modifiable risk factors and the prevalence and risk
factors of overweight and obesity among adolescents aged 17-24 years.
Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Community Medicine, Combined
Military Hospital (CMH) College Lahore, Pakistan from April 2022 to May 2022.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on a sample size of 108 adult males through nonprobability
convenient sampling in CMH Lahore Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan. HbA1c tests were conducted to check
blood sugar. A questionnaire was distributed to collect data. SPSS software was used for the analysis of data
using the Chi-square test.
Results: A total of 108 male cadets participated in the study. Mean age was 20.20 years ±1.4 SD. The majority of
participants were involved in physical activity and had healthy eating habits. Eighty-nine percent of
respondents fall in the category of normal body mass index & 6.5% in the category of overweight & obese & 3.7
% were underweight. Forty-seven percent of subjects were physically active for ≤ 3 days/week & 57.4% were
engaged for > 3 days/week. Fifty-seven percent of respondents had a screen time of 5-7 hours/day & 11.1% has
> 7 hours/day. Among 108 respondents, 37% had snacking habits in between meals 1-2 times/week & 20.4%
has 3-4 times/week.
Conclusion: This study concludes that apart from non-modifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors also have a major influence on the prevalence of overweight & obesity. Those who exercise & eat healthy have less risk of
developing obesity as compared to those who have poor physical activity & unhealthy eating habits.

How to cite this: Zaib S, Raza T, Ahmad A, Anwar S, Tariq SMH, Mubashar T. Prevalence of Obesity with its Associated Modifiable Risk Factors Among Adolescents of Aged 17-24 Years: Cross Sectional Study. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 210-215. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.362

Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Slow Skeletal Muscle Mass and Contractile Functions in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To see the Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) supplementation on slow skeletal muscle mass and
contractile functions in type 2 diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats.
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Physiology Research Lab, Army Medical
College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from June 2019 to April 2021 in collaboration with the National Institute of Health
(NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan.
Methods: Sixty adult SD rats were divided into three equal groups. Rats were fed on a standard diet as per NIH
protocols. After 2 weeks type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in groups 2 and 3 by injecting low dose
35mg of streptozotocin (STZ) in the abdomen intraperitoneally. T2DM was successfully developed and
confirmed by measuring glucose levels through a glucometer. Group 3 was injected with Alpha Lipoic acid
30mg/kg/day at the lower abdomen for the next two weeks. After 04 weeks, soleus muscles were dissected.
The animal data acquisition unit (iWorx) was used for assessing the contractile functions of soleus.
Results: Alpha Lipoic acid group showed improvement in muscle mass, muscle tension strength, and recovery
from fatigue after applying fatigue protocol as compared to group 2.
Conclusion: Alpha Lipoic acid supplementation improves contractile force and delays fatigue in the soleus
muscles of diabetic rats.

How to cite this: Khan BU, Yousef I, Arshad S, Ikram F, Ali A, Ullah I. Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Slow Skeletal Muscle Mass and Contractile Functions in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 216-221. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.408

Frequency of Self Medication Among Health Science Students in Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practices of self-medication among health
science students. The research sought to identify factors influencing self-medication practices, including
demographics, program of study, and access to medical facilities.
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad,
Pakistan including the Departments of MBBS, BDS, Nursing, and DPT over six months, from February 2023 to
July 2023.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, involving students from a private university
in Islamabad, including those in MBBS, BDS, Nursing, and DPT programs. The study was conducted over six
months, from February to July 2023, using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. A validated
questionnaire was utilized for data collection, pre-tested for clarity and relevance, and translated from Arabic
to English. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0, involving descriptive and inferential statistics
to elucidate self-medication trends and associations.
Results: Among the participants, 60.9% engaged in self-medication within the past six months. The most used
medications were pain relievers (61.9%), antibiotics (39.1%), and cough syrups (35.8%). Motivations for selfmedication included perceiving the illness as non-serious (47%), saving time (46.4%), and relying on past
experiences (36.4%). Access to personal knowledge (52.3%) and understanding the importance of prescribed
medicines (54.3%) were prevalent among the participants.
Conclusion: The study concluded that a significant number of medical students practiced self-medication,
primarily motivated by underestimating the severity of illnesses. Over-the-counter painkillers and antibiotics,
despite requiring a physician's prescription, were the most commonly self-prescribed medications among the
study population.

How to cite this: Tahi Sk, Zaidi N, Shabbir M, Eman S, Batool A, Qureshi MH, Tariq MD. Frequency of Self Medication Among Health Science Students in Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 222-227. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.505

Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Neem Leaves Extract on Hepatocytes and Nuclear Diameter of Albino Wistar Rats Induced with Erythromycin Toxicity

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of Neem leaves extract on hepatocyte and nuclear
diameters of Albino Wistar rats induced by erythromycin hepatotoxicity.
Study Design: Laboratory-based Experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Animal House of
Baqai Medical University (BMU) in Karachi, Pakistan from January 2019 to March 2019.
Methods: A total of 80 Albino Wistar rats were divided equally into 4 groups. The control group was marked
as Group A with no interventions. In Group B only erythromycin was administered. For Group C both
erythromycin and aqueous Neem leave Extract were given and for Group D only aqueous neem leave was
given. Animals were sacrificed and the liver weight of Albino Wistar rats was measured.
Results: It was observed that rats of experimental control group A noticed no significant change in
hepatocytes13.19± 0.44μm and nuclear diameters 7.18±0. 28μm (Figure.1) as this group had no intervention
received. In group B hepatocyte diameter markedly increased by 16.54±0.6μm and a decrease in nuclear
diameter of 5.20±0.30μm (p<0.01) with loss of architecture, ballooning, and edematous changes (Figure.2, 3
and 4) was observed as this group received only erythromycin while group C received both erythromycin and
aqueous Neem leaf extract showed histological architecture disrupted to some extent and hepatocytes
14.49±80μm and nuclear diameter 6.13±0.17μm were started to improve its normal sizes (Figure.5). Group D
observed no significant changes in hepatocytes 13.0±0.52μm and nuclear diameters 7.14±0.30μm as this
group only received aqueous neem leave extract (Figure.6).
Conclusion: According to the current study, Erythromycin exerts oxidative stress and Changes in hepatocytes
and nuclear diameters were noticeably improved by aqueous neem leaf extract, which is a powerful
antioxidant.

How to cite this: Jamshed N, Raza I, Razzaq M, Jamshed N, Rasheed A, Faisal L. Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Neem Leaves Extract on Hepatocytes and Nuclear Diameter of Albino Wistar Rats Induced with Erythromycin Toxicity. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 228-236. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.572

Review of High-Resolution Computed Tomography Chest Incidental Findings in COVID and Post-COVID Era in PIMS Hospital Islamabad

Sara Shahid, Ayesha Isani, Hyder Wajid Abbasi, Ana Rizvi, Hafiza Habiba Mubarik — Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To scrutinize the frequency of alternative pulmonary infectious diseases, and incidental findings of
the High resolution CT scan chest in COVID-19 screening trials during peak and late COVID era.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Radiology, Pakistan Institute of
Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan from June 2021 to June 2022.
Methods: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan chest reports of 191 patients were analyzed
from the Peak COVID period from May 2020 to May 2021 and 191 reports of patients in the late COVID period
from June 2021 to June 2022. Reports were evaluated for any alternative disease process or incidental findings,
further classified according to their clinical significance.
Results: Incidental findings were seen in 60% of scans in the Peak period of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 75% in the late COVID era. The mean age group of patients in the peak period was 50.76 years and in the late COVID period was 56.65 years, with significant male predominance (76%) in the peak period. Around 30.5% and 56.7% of “major" incidental findings in each peak and late COVID period were recorded, respectively, with Pulmonary
nodule being the most frequent incidental finding in the peak period and Tuberculosis often repeatedly
encountered incidental finding in the late COVID period.
Conclusion: Incidental findings appear in more than half of the High-resolution CT chest scans in suspected
COVID-19 patients, with a substantial number requiring further workup.

How to cite this: Shahid S, Isani A, Abbasi HW, Rizvi A, Mubarik HH. Review of High-Resolution Computed Tomography Chest Incidental Findings in COVID and Past COVID Era. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 237-243. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.417

Variant Analysis of XDR Salmonella Typhi Strains Using Global Alignment Tool Kit in South Asian Region

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To concisely compare genomic profiles of XDR Salmonella Typhi isolates from Lahore with
antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolates from other developing nations.
Study Design: Comparative analysis of whole genome sequences.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted from December 2020 to September 2021 at Kauser
Abdulla Malik (KAM) School Life Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Methods: The Galaxy pipeline was run to obtain detailed information at the nucleotide level regarding
mutations that lead to the emergence of XDR strains. Whole genome sequences were analyzed to compare the
genomes of selected three developing nations.
Results: The Pakistani isolates had a significantly higher mutation rate, higher proportion of modifiers, and
silent mutations as compared to isolates of Bangladesh and India.
Conclusion: Cases of Salmonella Typhi XDR are rapidly rising in Asian countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh,
and India emphasizing the need to analyze and compare its genome with relevant strains. Our study highlights
the unique profile of the Lahore (Pakistan) isolate with the highest mutation rate suggesting the potential
regional differences in selective pressure. Further spotlights the necessity to elucidate the functional
consequences of the identified mutations in S. Typhi isolates.

How to cite this: Niaz M, Mumtaz Z, Ahmed M, Ahmad S, Ali A, Yousaf MZ. Variant Analysis of XDR Salmonella Typhi Strains Using Global Alignment Tool Kit in South Asian Region. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 244-250. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.432

Awareness of the Green Dentistry Concept among Dental Professionals in Tertiary Care Dental Hospital, Rawalpindi

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To assess awareness of green dentistry among graduates, postgraduates and general dentists
Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID)
Rawalpindi, Pakistan from August 2022 to October 2022.
Methods: Based on a pre-validated survey questionnaire comprising of 20 close-ended questions assessing the
awareness regarding green dentistry. Male and female respondents consisting of General dentists, graduates,
postgraduate and house officers, and practitioners of AFID who gave consent were included in the study. The
sample size was calculated using the WHO calculator and 332 respondents were recruited and the
questionnaire was distributed, responses were then analyzed using SPSS version 22 and the p-value < 0.05 was
considered significant.
Results: Out of the 332 participants 148 were post-graduates, 109 were Graduates, 35 were consultants and 40
were general dentists with the age range of 25 to 50 years. 248 participants were females and 84 were males
and 100% response rate was observed. Postgraduates (47%) were more aware of the eco-friendly dentistry
concept the difference was found statistically significant (p-value <0.000).
Conclusion: Most of the respondents were aware of the green dentistry concept, those who had little
knowledge were accepting the concept and were enthusiastic to inculcate these practices in their practices.

How to cite this: Bano V, Amin E, Maqbool S, Hassan SA, Baber A, Urooj R. Awareness of Green Dentistry Concept among Dental Professionals. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 251-258. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.418

Complications of Therapeutic Plasmapheresis in Patients with Neurologic Diseases at A Tertiary Care Hospital

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: To determine the complications of therapeutic plasmapheresis in patients with neurological
diseases at a tertiary care hospital.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Neurology, Pak Emirates Military
Hospital (PEMH) Rawalpindi, Pakistan from August 2021 to July 2022.
Methods: This study was carried out on patients diagnosed with various neurologic diseases where therapeutic
plasmapheresis was performed which involves the replacement of patient plasma with donor plasma. A total
of 680 therapeutic plasmapheresis treatments were performed on patients with a variety of neurologic
diseases. Ppatients with hemodynamic instability, active sepsis, coagulopathy, and known allergies to fresh
frozen plasma were excluded from the study. Data was recorded from consenting patients on a pre-designed
proforma recording various parameters.
Results: Among 680 treatments,76.2% were carried out in males and 23.8% in females.
Guillain Barre Syndrome (42.06%) was the most common disease followed by chronic inflammatory
demyelinating polyneuropathy (13.82%), neuromyelitis optical spectrum disorders (10.29%), and myasthenia
gravis (7.94%) being the most common ones. In total 157 (23%) adverse events were noted, with fever (2.9%),
pruritis (2.8%), urticaria and mild hypotension (2.5% each), tachycardia (2.2%), and DVT (1.3%) being
commonly encountered complications. Anaphylaxis was recorded in 0.1%. The majority of the reactions were
mild 118 (17.3%), some moderate 21 (3%), and few were severe 11 (1.6%). Serious, life-threatening events were
seen in 0.1% and none had a fatal outcome. Prophylactic use of calcium resulted in lower electrolyte imbalancerelated
complications.
Conclusion: Therapeutic plasmapheresis is a safer treatment option for various neurologic diseases when
performed by trained staff.

How to cite this: Ahmed N, Ahmad I, Siddiqi FA, Nawaz KH, Liaqat J, Ahmad F. Complications of Therapeutic Plasmapheresis in Patients with Neurologic Diseases at A Tertiary Care Hospital. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 259-265. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.538

The Effectiveness and Safety of Fenofibrate and Saroglitazar in the Treatment of Diabetic Dyslipidemia

Sun, 05 May 2024 00:00:00 +0500

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of saroglitazar and fenofibrate in treating
diabetic dyslipidemia.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Nishtar Medical
University and Hospital Multan, Pakistan over 12 months from January 2021 to January 2022.
Methods: Following a 4-week run-in phase, sixty newly diagnosed patients with a previous diagnosis of
diabetes and dyslipidemia were included. Eligible participants were aged 18-65 years, with fasting triglyceride
(TG) levels >200–400 mg/dL and documented type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Following baseline
assessments, participants were randomised into two treatment groups: Saroglitazar 4 mg with 10 mg of
Atorvastatin and Fenofibrate 200 mg with 10 mg of Atorvastatin. Lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and
HbA1c were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was conducted using appropriate
tests with p< 0.05, which is considered significant.
Results: The study enrolled 60 participants, with comparable baseline characteristics between groups. While
both treatments showed similar effects on lipid profiles, Saroglitazar showed exceptional effectiveness in
lowering HbA1c and FBG levels compared to Fenofibrate. No significant differences in adverse effects were
observed.
Conclusion: Saroglitazar may offer advantages in managing diabetic dyslipidemia and improving glycemic
control compared to Fenofibrate in a larger sample size. More investigation is necessary to confirm these
findings and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy.

How to cite this: Farooq B, Cheema RR, Qureshi ZH, Yasmeen N, Sahu EH. The Effectiveness and Safety of Fenofibrate and Saroglitazar in The Treatment of Diabetic Dyslipidemia. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 266-272. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.632